Chapter 19 19-1 Using BECAUSE OF and DUE TO

Contents

19-1 Using because of and due to
19-2 Using transitions to show cause and effect: therefore and consequently
19-3 Summary of patterns and punctuation
19-4 Other ways of ecpressing cause and effect: such....that...and so... that
19-5 Expressing purpose: using so that
19-6 Showing contrast ( unexpected result)
19-7 Showing direct contrast
19-8 Expressing conditions: using otherwise and or ( else)
19-9 Summary of connectives: cause and effect, contrast, condition.
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Exercise 1 Preview ( Charts 19-1  19-3)
1. Because Rosa's computer skills were poor she was not considered for the job.
2. Rosa's computer skills were poor. Therefore she was not considered for the job.
3. Because Rosa's computer skills were poor, she was not considered for the job.
4. Because Rosa's computer skills were poor, she was not considered for the job or
   Rosa's computer skills were poor, so she was not considered for the job.
5. Due to her poor computer skills, Rosa was not considered for the job.
6. Risa's computer skills were poor, she was not considered for the job.

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A common error is for a learner to begin an adverb clause with because of.

INCORRECT: He stayed home because of he was ill.

A phrasal preposition is a phrase that functions as a single preposition.

Traditionally, a distinction has been made between because of and due to: because of is used adverbially. ( He stayed home because of illness), and due to is used adjectivally (His absence is because of illness.)

Owing to is used in the same ways as because of and due to, more in spoken that written English.

Note that punctuation rules are the same for these phrases as for adverb clauses.
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19-1 Using BECAUSE OF and DUE TO

a) Because the weather was cold, we stayed home. 
Because introduces an adverb clause;it is followed by a subject and verb, is in.

b) Because of the cold weather, we stayed home.
c) Due to the cold weather, we stayed home.
Because of and due to are phrasal prepositons; they are followed by a noun object, as in(b) and (c)

d) Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home.
Sometimes, usually in more formal writing, due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that.

e) We stayed home because of the cold weather
    We stayed home due to the cold weather.
    We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold.
Like adverb clauses, these phrases can also follow the main clause, as in (e)

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Exercise 2 Using BECAUSE and BECAUSE OF page 386
1. We postponed our trip because of the bad driving conditions.

2. Sue's eyes were red because she had been swimming in a chlorinated pool.

3. We can not visit the museum tomorrow because it is not open.

4. Jim had to give up jogging because his sprained ankle.

5. Because of heavy fog at the airport, we had to stay in London an extra day.

6. Because the elevator was broken, we had to walk up six flights of stairs.

7. Thousands of Irish people emigrated to the United States because of the potato famine in Ireland in the mid-19 century.

8.The young couple decided not to buy the house because its dilapidated condition.

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Exercise 3 Using BECAUSE OF and DUE TO.

1. Because of our parent's generosity, all of the children in our family have received the best of everything.

2.We were late to the meeting due to the heavy traffic.

3. Bill has to do all of the cooking and cleaning because of his wife's illness.

4. Due to Dr.Robinson's excellent research on wolves, we know much more today about that endangered species that we did even five years ago.

5. I could not get to sleep last night because of the noise in the next apartment.

6.Due to circumstances beyond my control, I regret to say that I can not be present at your daughter's wedding.

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