Thursday, December 18, 2014

19-2 Using transitions to show cause and effect: THEREFORE and CONSWQUENTLY


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a) AL failed the test because he did not study.
b) Al did not study. Therefore, he failed the test.
c) Al did not study. Consequently, he failed the test.

(a), (b),and (c) have the same meaning. Therefore and consequently mean "as result." In grammar, they are called transitions ( or conjunctive adverbs). Transitions connect the ideas between two sentences.

d) Al did not study. Therefore, he failed the test.
e) Al did not study. He, therefore failed the test.
f) Al did not study. He failed the test, therefore.

POSITIONS OF A TRANSITION
           transition+ S+V(+ rest of sentence)
           S+transition +V (rest of sentence)
           S+V(+rest of sentence) + transition

A transition occurs in the second of two related sentences. Notice the patterns and punctuation in the examples. A period is used at the end of the first sentence. The transition has several positions in the second sentence. The transition is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.

g) Al did not study, so failed the test.
 Compare: A transition ( therefore) has several possible positions withing the second sentence of the par, as in(d),(e), and (f). A conjunction ( so) has only one possible position: between the two sentences. SO can not move around in the second sentence as therefore can.

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Exercise 4. Using THEREFORE and CONSEQUENTLY (Chart 19-2) page 387

1. The children stayed home because a storm was approaching. Therefore, the children stayed home.
A storm was approaching. The children, therefore, stayed home.
A storm was approaching. The children stayed home, therefore.

2. I did not have my umbrella. Consequently, I got wet.
I did not have my umbrella. I , consequently, got wet.
I did not have my umbrella. I got wet, consequently.
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EXERCISE 5. Showing cause and effect. ( Charts 16-3, 17-2,19-1,and 19-2)

1. adverb clause: Because it was cold, she wore a coat.
2. adverb clause: She wore a coat because it was cold.
3. prepositional phrase: Because of the cold weather, she wore a coat.
4. prepositional phrase: She wore a coat because of the cold weather.
5. transition: The weather was cold. Therefore she wore a coat.
6. transition: The weather was cold. She, therefore wore a coat.
7. transition: The weather was cold. She wore a coat, therefore.
8. conjunction: The weather was cold, so she wore a coat.

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Exercise 6. Showing cause and effect

1. Pat always enjoyed studying sciences in high school therefore she decided to major in biology in college.
1.  Pat always enjoyed studying sciences in high school. Therefore, she decided to major in biology in college.

2. Due to recent improvements in the economy fewer people are unemployed.
2.  Due to recent improvements in the economy, fewer people are unemployed.

3. Last night's storm damaged the power lines consequently  the town was without electricity for several hours.
3.  Last night's storm damaged the power lines, consequently the town was without electricity for several hours.

4. Because of the snowstorm only five students came to class the teacher therefore canceled the class.
4.  Because of the snowstorm, only five students came to class. The teacher, therefore, canceled the class.

5.Anna always makes numerous spelling mistakes in her compositions because she does not use a dictionary when she writes.
5. Anna always makes numerous spelling mistakes in her compositions, because she does not use a dictionary when she writes.

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