19-3 Summary of PATTERNS OF PATTERNS AND PUNCTUATION.

19-3 Summary of PATTERNS  OF PATTERNS AND PUNCTUATION.

Adverb Clause------ a) Because it was hot, we went swimming.
                                  b) We went swimming because it was hot.

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clause.
Punctuation: A comma is used if the adverb clause comes first.


Preposition---------- c) Because of the hot weather, we went swimming.
                                 d) We went swimming because of the hot weather.

A preposition is followed by a noun object, not by a subject and verb.
Punctuation: A comma is usually used if the prepositional phrase precedes the subject and verb of the independent clause.

Conjunction ---------h) It was hot, so we went swimming.

A comjusction comes between two independent clauses.
Punctuation: Usually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction.

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A semicolon may be used instead of a period between the two independent clauses.

It was hot;therefore, we went swimming.
It was hot; we therefore, went swimming.
It was hot; we went swimming, therefore.

In general, a semicolon can be used instead of a period between any two sentences that are closely related in meaning. Example: Peanuts are not nuts; they are beans. Notice that a small letter, not a capital letter, immediately follows a semicolon.

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Exercise 7. Showing cause and effect. ( Chart 19-3)
Part 1. We postponed our trip. The weather was bad.
1. because------      We postponed our trip because the weather was bad.
                               Because the weather was bad, we postponed our trip.

2. therefore ------    The weather was bad, Therefore, we postponed our trip. or  We, therefore, postponed our trip. We postponed our trip, therefore.

3. since -------------Since the weather was bad, we postponed our trip. or We postponed our trip since the weather was bad.

4. so ------------------The weather was bad, so we postponed our trip.

5. because of --------Because of the bad weather, we postponed our trip. or We postponed our trip because of the bad weather.

Part 2. She missed class. She was ill.
1. because of ------------        Because of her illness, she missed class. or She missed class because of her illness.

2. because -----------------      Because she was ill, she missed class. or She missed class because she was ill.

3. consequently -----------     She was ill. Consequently, she missed class. or She, consequently, missed class. or She missed class, consequently.

4. so------------------------      She was ill, so she missed class.

5. due to( the fact that) -----  Due to the fact that she was ill, she missed class. or She missed class due to the fact that she was ill.

6. therefore------------------    She was ill. Therefore, she missed class. or She,therefore, missed class.or She missed class, therefore.
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Summary of Patterns and Punctuation
Students are learning structural distinctions in the use coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, adverbial  prepositional phrases, and conjunctive adverbs by using cause and effect sentences as models. The patterns and terminology ( conjunction, adverb clause, preposition, transition) they are learning here will transfer to the following units on opposition and condition. The term conjunction in this chart is used to refer to coordination conjunctions, include the term  coordination if you think it helps your students make distinctions among the differing patterns.

A wall chart, cards, or a transparency of the patterns and punctuation may prove useful not only here but also for the charts and exercises in the rest of this chapter.

For example: Adverb clause,--------- adverb clause.
Prepositional phrase, --------prepositional phrase.
--------. Transition,--------.
---------.--------,transition.
-----------,conjuction--------.

When some students discover the semicolon, they tend to use it everywhere. You might point out that it is not often used, even by professional writers. If students overuse it, tell them to look at any English text and see how many semicolons they can find. Chances are they will find very few. Many native speakers are unsure about its correct use. A period ( full stop) is usually acceptable or even preferable.

You might call attention to the relationship between a comma in written English and a slight pause in spoken English. ( Ruddle: What is the difference between a cat and a comma? Answer: A cat has claws at the end of its paws, and a comma is a pause at the end of a clause).
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Exercise 8 Showing cause and efect. ( Charts 19-2 and 19-3)
Directions: Comvine ideas, using the words in parentheses.

1. We stayed home. The weather was bad.( because of)
We stayed home because the weather was bad. or Because the weather was bad, we stayed home.

2. Emily has never wanted to return to the Yukon to live. The winter are too severe.( because of) 
Because of the severe winters, Emily has never wanted to return to the Yukon to live.

3. It is important to wear a hat on cold days. We lose sixty percent of our body heat through our head.(since)
It is important to wear a hat on cold days since we lose sixty percent of our body heat through our head. or Since we lose sixty percent of our body heat through our head, it is important to wear a hat on cold days.

4. When I was in my teens and twenties, it was easy for me to get into an argument with my father. Both of us can be stubborn and opinionated. ( for)
When I was in my teens and twenties, it was easy for me to get into an argument with my father, for both of us can be stubborn and opinionated.

5. A camel can go completely without water for eight to ten days. It is an ideal animal for desert ares. ( due to the fact that)
Due to the fact that a camel can go completely without water for eight to ten days, it is an ideal animal for desert areas. Or A camel is an ideal animal for desert areas due to the fact that it can go completely without water for eight to ten days.

6. Bill could not pick us up after the concern. His car would not start. ( therefore)
Therefore, he could not pick us up after the concert. He therefore, could not pick us up after the concert. He could not pick us up after the concert, therefore.

7. Robert had to ask many of the same questions again the next time he talked to the travel agent. He did not pay close attention to what she said when he went to see her at her office last week. ( so)
Robert did not pay close attention to what the travel agent said when he went to see her at her office last week, so he had to ask many of the same questions again the next time he talked to her.

8. A tomato is classified as a fruit, but most people consider it a vegetable. It is often eaten is salads along with lettuce, onions, cucumbers, and other vegetables. ( since)
A tomato is classified as a fruit, but most people consider it a vegetable since it is often eaten in salads along with lettuce, onions, cucumbers, and other vegetables. or Since it is often eaten in salads along with lettuce, onions, cucumbers, and other vegetables, a tomato is classified as a fruit.

9. There is consumer demand for ivory. Many African elephants are being slaughtered ruthlessly, Many people who care about saving these animals from extinction refuse to buy any item made from ivory. ( due to, consequently)
Due to consumer demand for ivory, many African elephants are being slaughtered ruthlessly. Consequently, many people who care about saving these animals from extinction refuse to buy any item made from ivory. or Many people who care about saving these animals from extinction, consequently, refuse to a buy any item made from ivory. Or Many sailors of the 15th century refused to venture forth with explorers into unknown waters because most Europeans of the time believed the world was flat and that a ship could conceivably sail off the end of the earth. ( conceivable= possible; venture forth= go out into a new, possible dangerous area)

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